Field investigation and assessment on the wear of asphalt pavement milling machine picks
Abstract
Deteriorated asphalt pavement material is recycled applying proved technologies based on scientific principles and practical experience. The asphalt pavement layer during rehabilitation process is loosened by a mobile transport machine fracturing into the required material grading and called Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). RAP is extracted while cutting asphalt chip in required depth at optimal speed by mean of changeable picks installed in a toolholder of milling machine rotating drum. During interaction with the asphalt pavement to be demolished, the wear of picks appears, and the dimensions of their elements decrease. Methodology and results of a field experimental research allowed statistically to determine and evaluate the wear dynamics of picks from 2 manufacturers are provided in this paper. The results provide that length of pick, diameter of carbide tip and diameter of steel body of picks from these manufacturers were decreasing proportionally to milled asphalt pavement surface. Applying the Fisher’s criterion it was found that the variances of the reduction of these geometrical parameters are the same and they satisfy the normal distribution according to the Kolmogorov’s criterion. All values of Student’s criterion calculated statistics were higher than the critical values, which indicated that the wear intensiveness of the picks of the 2 manufacturers differed significantly. These data can be used to select suitable picks for the milling machine according to their wear intensity.
First published online 9 February 2022
Keyword : asphalt recycling, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), milling machine, pick wear, field investigation, statistical analysis
How to Cite
Sivilevičius, H., & Martišius, M. (2021). Field investigation and assessment on the wear of asphalt pavement milling machine picks. Transport, 36(6), 499-509. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.16443
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Amini, B.; Tehrani, S. S. 2014. Simultaneous effects of salted water and water flow on asphalt concrete pavement deterioration under freeze–thaw cycles, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15(5): 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2012.677844
Anyala, M.; Odoki, J. B.; Baker, C. J. 2014. Hierarchical asphalt pavement deterioration model for climate impact studies, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15(3): 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2012.687105
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Cui, Y.; Glover, C. J.; Braziunas, J.; Sivilevicius, H. 2018. Further exploration of the pavement oxidation model – diffusion-reaction balance in asphalt, Construction and Building Materials 161: 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.095
Farhan, J.; Fwa, T. F. 2009. Pavement maintenance prioritization using analytic hierarchy process, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2093: 12–24. https://doi.org/10.3141/2093-02
Furmanov, D.; Chizhov, V.; Tyuremnov, I.; Troshin, D. 2019. Loads on cutter teeth for removing asphalt pavement, E3S Web of Conferences 97: 06031. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199706031
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Harun-Or-Rashid, G. M.; Ahmed, B.; Sobhan, M. A.; Rahman, N. 2018. Marshall characteristics of bituminous mixes using reclaimed asphalt pavement, American Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 3(4): 57–61.
Hossain, M. I.; Veginati, V.; Krukow, J. 2015. Thermodynamics Between RAP/RAS and Virgin Aggregates During Asphalt Concrete Production – a Literature Review. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, US. 79 p.
Iovanas, D. M.; Dumitrascu, A.-E. 2017. Reliability estimation of the milling machines teeth obtained by welding deposition process, MATEC Web of Conferences 121: 02003. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712102003
Khattak, M. J.; Nur, M. A.; Bhuyan, M. R.-U-K.; Gaspard, K. 2014. International roughness index models for HMA overlay treatment of flexible and composite pavements, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15(4): 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2013.842237
Kleizienė, R.; Panasenkienė, M.; Vaitkus, A. 2019. Effect of aging on chemical composition and rheological properties of neat and modified bitumen, Materials 12(24): 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244066
Kremer, N. S. 2012. Teorija verojatnostej i matematicheskaja statistika. Moskva: JuNITI. 550 s. (in Russian).
Kubo, P.; Paiva, C.; Larocca, A.; Dawson, J. 2016. Quantification of the vertical load applied to the pavement during braking maneuver of a commercial vehicle, Journal of Transportation Engineering 142(4): 06016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000834
Liu, H.; Hao, P.; Wang, H.; Adhikair, S. 2014. Effects of physiochemical factors on asphalt aging behavior, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26(1): 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000786
Ma, T.; Huang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Yuan, H.; Ma, X. 2012. Degradation behavior and mechanism of HMA aggregate, Journal of Testing and Evaluation 40(5): 697–707.
Mansourkhaki, A.; Sarkar, A.; Ameri, M. 2015. Impact of different loading patterns with short duration on the permanent strain of asphalt mixture, Journal of Testing and Evaluation 43(4): 853–866.
Meagher, W.; Daniel, J. S.; Jacobs, J.; Linder, E. 2012. Method for evaluating implications of climate change for design and performance of flexible pavements, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2305: 111–120. https://doi.org/10.3141/2305-12
NAPA. 1996. Recycling Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements. Information Series 123. National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), Lanham, MD, US. 28 p.
NCHRP. 2011. A Manual for Design of Hot-Mix Asphalt with Commentary. NCHRP Report 673. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Washington, DC, US. 273 p. https://doi.org/10.17226/14524
Nguyen, H. V. 2013. Effects of mixing procedures and rap sizes on stiffness distribution of hot recycled asphalt mixtures, Construction and Building Materials 47: 728–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.056
Papagiannakis, A. T.; Masad, E. A. 2008. Pavement Design and Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 560 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470259924
Plati, C.; Cliatt, B. 2019. A sustainability perspective for unbound reclaimed asphalt pavement (rap) as a pavement base material, Sustainability 11(1): 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010078
Puccini, M.; Leandri, P.; Tasca, A. L.; Pistonesi, L.; Losa, M. 2019. Improving the environmental sustainability of low noise pavements: comparative life cycle assessment of reclaimed asphalt and crumb rubber based warm mix technologies, Coatings 9(5): 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050343
Ržek, L.; Turk, M. R.; Tušar, M. 2020. Increasing the rate of reclaimed asphalt in asphalt mixture by using alternative rejuvenator produced by tire pyrolysis, Construction and Building Materials 232: 117177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117177
Salour, F.; Erlingsson, S. 2013. Moisture-sensitive and stress-dependent behavior of unbound pavement materials from in situ falling weight deflectometer tests, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2335: 121–129. https://doi.org/10.3141/2335-13
Shirodkar, P.; Mehta, Y.; Nolan, A.; Sonpal, K.; Norton, A.; Tomlinson, C.; Dubois, E.; Sullivan, P.; Sauber, R. 2011. A study to determine the degree of partial blending of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder for high RAP hot mix asphalt, Construction and Building Materials 25(1): 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.045
Sivilevičius, H.; Bražiūnas, J.; Prentkovskis, O. 2017. Technologies and principles of hot recycling and investigation of preheated reclaimed asphalt pavement batching process in an asphalt mixing plant, Applied Sciences 7(11): 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111104
Sivilevičius, H.; Vislavičius, K. 2019. Simulation of composition of recycled hot-mix asphalt mixture produced in asphalt mixing plant, Construction and Building Materials 214: 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.330
Solatifar, N.; Abbasghorbani, M.; Kavussi, A.; Sivilevičius, H. 2018. Prediction of depth temperature of asphalt layers in hot climate areas, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 24(7): 516–525. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2018.6162
Solatifar, N.; Kavussi, A.; Abbasghorbani, M.; Sivilevičius, H. 2017. Application of FWD data in developing dynamic modulus master curves of in-service asphalt layers, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23(5): 661–671. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1292948
Toh, C. K. 2005. Design, evaluation and optimisation of cutter path strategies when high speed machining hardened mould and die materials, Materials & Design 26(6): 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.07.019
Vislavičius, K.; Sivilevičius, H. 2013. Effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement gradation variation on the homogeneity of recycled hot-mix asphalt, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 13(3): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2013.03.003
Wang, F.; Zhang, L.; Yan, B.; Kong, D.; Li, Y.; Wu, S. 2019. Diffusion mechanism of rejuvenator and its effects on the physical and rheological performance of aged asphalt binder, Materials 12(24): 4130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244130
Wirtgen Group. 2016. Picks. Available from Internet: https://www.wirtgen-group.com
Wirtgen Group. 2019. WIRTGEN Cold Milling Manual. Technology and Application. 280 p.
Wu, S.; Qiu, J.; Mo, L.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, B. 2007. Investigation of temperature characteristics of recycled hot mix asphalt mixtures, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 51(3): 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.11.005
Zaumanis, M.; Boesiger, L.; Kunz, B.; Cavalli, M. C. Poulikakos, L. 2019. Determining optimum rejuvenator addition location in asphalt production plant, Construction and Building Materials 198: 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.239
Zaumanis, M.; Cavalli, M. C.; Poulikakos, L. D. 2020. Effect of rejuvenator addition location in plant on mechanical and chemical properties of RAP binder, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21(4): 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1492133
Zaumanis, M.; Mallick, R. B.; Frank, R. 2014a. 100% recycled hot mix asphalt: a review and analysis, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 92: 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.07.007
Zaumanis, M.; Mallick, R. B.; Poulikakos, L.; Frank, R. 2014b. Influence of six rejuvenators on the performance properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder and 100% recycled asphalt mixtures, Construction and Building Materials 71: 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.073
Zhang, K.; Huchet, F.; Hobbs, A. 2019. A review of thermal processes in the production and their influences on performance of asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Construction and Building Materials 206: 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.057
Zofka, A.; Josen, R.; Paliukaitė, M.; Vaitkus, A.; Mechowski, T.; Maliszewski, M. 2014. Elements of pavement management system: case study, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 9(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2014.01
Akbarian, M.; Moeini-Ardakani, S. S.; Ulm, F.-J. Nazzal, M. 2012. Mechanistic approach to pavement–vehicle interaction and its impact on life-cycle assessment, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2306: 171–179. https://doi.org/10.3141/2306-20
Amini, B.; Tehrani, S. S. 2014. Simultaneous effects of salted water and water flow on asphalt concrete pavement deterioration under freeze–thaw cycles, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15(5): 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2012.677844
Anyala, M.; Odoki, J. B.; Baker, C. J. 2014. Hierarchical asphalt pavement deterioration model for climate impact studies, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15(3): 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2012.687105
Ceylan, H.; Gopalakrishnan, K.; Lytton, R. L. 2011. Neural networks modeling of stress growth in asphalt overlays due to load and thermal effects during reflection cracking, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23(3): 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000153
Cui, Y.; Glover, C. J.; Braziunas, J.; Sivilevicius, H. 2018. Further exploration of the pavement oxidation model – diffusion-reaction balance in asphalt, Construction and Building Materials 161: 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.095
Farhan, J.; Fwa, T. F. 2009. Pavement maintenance prioritization using analytic hierarchy process, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2093: 12–24. https://doi.org/10.3141/2093-02
Furmanov, D.; Chizhov, V.; Tyuremnov, I.; Troshin, D. 2019. Loads on cutter teeth for removing asphalt pavement, E3S Web of Conferences 97: 06031. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199706031
Gu, H.-R.; Jiao, S.-J.; Xiao C.-Y.; Wang, F.-C.; Lin, T. 2012. Analysis and test on asphalt milling machine cutting load characteristic, China Journal of Highway and Transport 25(3): 154–158. https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2012.03.018 (in Chinese).
Harun-Or-Rashid, G. M.; Ahmed, B.; Sobhan, M. A.; Rahman, N. 2018. Marshall characteristics of bituminous mixes using reclaimed asphalt pavement, American Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 3(4): 57–61.
Hossain, M. I.; Veginati, V.; Krukow, J. 2015. Thermodynamics Between RAP/RAS and Virgin Aggregates During Asphalt Concrete Production – a Literature Review. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, US. 79 p.
Iovanas, D. M.; Dumitrascu, A.-E. 2017. Reliability estimation of the milling machines teeth obtained by welding deposition process, MATEC Web of Conferences 121: 02003. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712102003
Khattak, M. J.; Nur, M. A.; Bhuyan, M. R.-U-K.; Gaspard, K. 2014. International roughness index models for HMA overlay treatment of flexible and composite pavements, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 15(4): 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2013.842237
Kleizienė, R.; Panasenkienė, M.; Vaitkus, A. 2019. Effect of aging on chemical composition and rheological properties of neat and modified bitumen, Materials 12(24): 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244066
Kremer, N. S. 2012. Teorija verojatnostej i matematicheskaja statistika. Moskva: JuNITI. 550 s. (in Russian).
Kubo, P.; Paiva, C.; Larocca, A.; Dawson, J. 2016. Quantification of the vertical load applied to the pavement during braking maneuver of a commercial vehicle, Journal of Transportation Engineering 142(4): 06016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000834
Liu, H.; Hao, P.; Wang, H.; Adhikair, S. 2014. Effects of physiochemical factors on asphalt aging behavior, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26(1): 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000786
Ma, T.; Huang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Yuan, H.; Ma, X. 2012. Degradation behavior and mechanism of HMA aggregate, Journal of Testing and Evaluation 40(5): 697–707.
Mansourkhaki, A.; Sarkar, A.; Ameri, M. 2015. Impact of different loading patterns with short duration on the permanent strain of asphalt mixture, Journal of Testing and Evaluation 43(4): 853–866.
Meagher, W.; Daniel, J. S.; Jacobs, J.; Linder, E. 2012. Method for evaluating implications of climate change for design and performance of flexible pavements, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2305: 111–120. https://doi.org/10.3141/2305-12
NAPA. 1996. Recycling Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements. Information Series 123. National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), Lanham, MD, US. 28 p.
NCHRP. 2011. A Manual for Design of Hot-Mix Asphalt with Commentary. NCHRP Report 673. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Washington, DC, US. 273 p. https://doi.org/10.17226/14524
Nguyen, H. V. 2013. Effects of mixing procedures and rap sizes on stiffness distribution of hot recycled asphalt mixtures, Construction and Building Materials 47: 728–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.056
Papagiannakis, A. T.; Masad, E. A. 2008. Pavement Design and Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 560 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470259924
Plati, C.; Cliatt, B. 2019. A sustainability perspective for unbound reclaimed asphalt pavement (rap) as a pavement base material, Sustainability 11(1): 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010078
Puccini, M.; Leandri, P.; Tasca, A. L.; Pistonesi, L.; Losa, M. 2019. Improving the environmental sustainability of low noise pavements: comparative life cycle assessment of reclaimed asphalt and crumb rubber based warm mix technologies, Coatings 9(5): 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050343
Ržek, L.; Turk, M. R.; Tušar, M. 2020. Increasing the rate of reclaimed asphalt in asphalt mixture by using alternative rejuvenator produced by tire pyrolysis, Construction and Building Materials 232: 117177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117177
Salour, F.; Erlingsson, S. 2013. Moisture-sensitive and stress-dependent behavior of unbound pavement materials from in situ falling weight deflectometer tests, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2335: 121–129. https://doi.org/10.3141/2335-13
Shirodkar, P.; Mehta, Y.; Nolan, A.; Sonpal, K.; Norton, A.; Tomlinson, C.; Dubois, E.; Sullivan, P.; Sauber, R. 2011. A study to determine the degree of partial blending of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder for high RAP hot mix asphalt, Construction and Building Materials 25(1): 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.045
Sivilevičius, H.; Bražiūnas, J.; Prentkovskis, O. 2017. Technologies and principles of hot recycling and investigation of preheated reclaimed asphalt pavement batching process in an asphalt mixing plant, Applied Sciences 7(11): 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111104
Sivilevičius, H.; Vislavičius, K. 2019. Simulation of composition of recycled hot-mix asphalt mixture produced in asphalt mixing plant, Construction and Building Materials 214: 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.330
Solatifar, N.; Abbasghorbani, M.; Kavussi, A.; Sivilevičius, H. 2018. Prediction of depth temperature of asphalt layers in hot climate areas, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 24(7): 516–525. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2018.6162
Solatifar, N.; Kavussi, A.; Abbasghorbani, M.; Sivilevičius, H. 2017. Application of FWD data in developing dynamic modulus master curves of in-service asphalt layers, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23(5): 661–671. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1292948
Toh, C. K. 2005. Design, evaluation and optimisation of cutter path strategies when high speed machining hardened mould and die materials, Materials & Design 26(6): 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.07.019
Vislavičius, K.; Sivilevičius, H. 2013. Effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement gradation variation on the homogeneity of recycled hot-mix asphalt, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 13(3): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2013.03.003
Wang, F.; Zhang, L.; Yan, B.; Kong, D.; Li, Y.; Wu, S. 2019. Diffusion mechanism of rejuvenator and its effects on the physical and rheological performance of aged asphalt binder, Materials 12(24): 4130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244130
Wirtgen Group. 2016. Picks. Available from Internet: https://www.wirtgen-group.com
Wirtgen Group. 2019. WIRTGEN Cold Milling Manual. Technology and Application. 280 p.
Wu, S.; Qiu, J.; Mo, L.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, B. 2007. Investigation of temperature characteristics of recycled hot mix asphalt mixtures, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 51(3): 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.11.005
Zaumanis, M.; Boesiger, L.; Kunz, B.; Cavalli, M. C. Poulikakos, L. 2019. Determining optimum rejuvenator addition location in asphalt production plant, Construction and Building Materials 198: 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.239
Zaumanis, M.; Cavalli, M. C.; Poulikakos, L. D. 2020. Effect of rejuvenator addition location in plant on mechanical and chemical properties of RAP binder, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21(4): 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1492133
Zaumanis, M.; Mallick, R. B.; Frank, R. 2014a. 100% recycled hot mix asphalt: a review and analysis, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 92: 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.07.007
Zaumanis, M.; Mallick, R. B.; Poulikakos, L.; Frank, R. 2014b. Influence of six rejuvenators on the performance properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder and 100% recycled asphalt mixtures, Construction and Building Materials 71: 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.073
Zhang, K.; Huchet, F.; Hobbs, A. 2019. A review of thermal processes in the production and their influences on performance of asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Construction and Building Materials 206: 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.057
Zofka, A.; Josen, R.; Paliukaitė, M.; Vaitkus, A.; Mechowski, T.; Maliszewski, M. 2014. Elements of pavement management system: case study, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 9(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2014.01