Research on lubrication properties of selected raw plant and animal materials
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on lubrication properties of rapeseed oil, methyl esters of rapeseed oil, as well as esters with goose fat. Rapeseed oil has a better lubrication properties in relation to methyl esters of rapeseed oil. Addition of goose fat to esters negatively affected their lubrication properties. The presented results confirm a relationship between the degree of unsaturated and lubricated properties. Among the tested compounds with oxygen groups (COOH, COOCH3, C = O), the oleic acid (with a COOH group) characterised the best lubricity. The fat goose, which contains the least amount of unsaturated fatty acid esters, proved to be ineffective addition lubricity between the factor lubricants analysis.
Keyword : biodiesel, rapeseed oil, methyl esters of the fatty acids of rapeseed oil, lubricity, wear testing
How to Cite
Gardyński, L., & Kałdonek, J. (2020). Research on lubrication properties of selected raw plant and animal materials. Transport, 35(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.11961
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Armas, O.; Gómez, A.; Ramos, Á. 2013. Comparative study of pollutant emissions from engine starting with animal fat biodiesel and GTL fuels, Fuel 113: 560–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.010
Baczewski, K.; Kałdoński, T. 2008. Paliwa do silników o zapłonie samoczynnym. Wydawnictwa komunikacji i łączności. 224 s. (in Polish).
Barrios, C. C.; Domínguez-Sáez, A.; Martín, C.; Álvarez, P. 2014. Effects of animal fat based biodiesel on a TDI diesel engine performance, combustion characteristics and particle number and size distribution emissions, Fuel 117: 618–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.037
Barta, D.; Mruzek, M. 2014. Non-conventional drive and its possibilities of using in road vehicles of public transport, in OPT-i 2014 – 1st International Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences Optimization: Proceedings, 4–6 June 2014, Kos Island, Greece, 2049–2061.
Behçet, R. 2011. Performance and emission study of waste anchovy fish biodiesel in a diesel engine, Fuel Processing Technology 92(6): 1187–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.012
Canoira, L.; García Galeán, J.; Alcántara, R.; Lapuerta, M.; García-Contreras, R. 2010. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from castor oil: production process assessment and synergistic effects in its properties, Renewable Energy 35(1): 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.006
Cui, Z.; Yang, C.; Sun, B.; Wang, H. 2014. Liquid film thickness esti mation using electrical capacitance tomography, Measurement Science Review 14(1): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.2478/msr-2014-0002
Cvengroš, J.; Paligová, J.; Cvengrošová, Z. 2006. Properties of alkyl esters base on castor oil, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108(8): 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600031
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Droździel, P.; Krzywonos, L. 2009. The estimation of the reliability of the first daily diesel engine start-up during its operation in the vehicle, Eksploatacja i Niezawodność – Maintenance and Reliability (1): 4–10.
Figlus, T. 2015. The application of a continuous wavelet transform for diagnosing damage to the timing chain tensioner in a motorcycle engine, Journal of Vibroengineering 17(3): 1286–1294.
Figlus, T.; Liščák, S. 2014. Assessment of the vibroactivity level of SI engines in stationary and non-stationary operating conditions, Journal of Vibroengineering 16(3): 1349–1359.
Gardyński, L. 2005. Stanowisko do badania odporności materiału elementów aparatury paliwowej na zużycie w warunkach smarowania, VII Sympozjum Naukowo-techniczne “Silniki spalinowe w zastosowaniach wojskowych” – SILWOJ 2005, 26–28 października 2005, Rynia, Polska, 93–100. (in Polish).
Gardyński, L. 2013. Wyniki badań własności smarnych wybranych biopaliw, Combustion Engines (3): 1109–1114. (in Polish).
Gardyński, L.; Kałdonek, J. 2013. Comparative study of selected lubricating properties of biofuels, Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 7(20): 75–79.
Geller, D. P.; Goodrum, J. W. 2004. Effects of specific fatty acid methyl esters on diesel fuel lubricity, Fuel 83(17–18): 2351–2356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.004
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Głowacz, A. 2010. Diagnostyka maszyny prądu stałego oparta na rozpoznawaniu dźwięku z zastosowaniem LPC i GSDM, Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 86(6): 243–246. (in Polish).
Głowacz, A. 2015. Recognition of acoustic signals of synchronous motors with the use of MoFS and selected classifiers, Measurement Science Review 15(4): 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1515/msr-2015-0024
Gustavsson, F.; Forsberg, P.; Jacobson, S. 2012. Friction and wear behaviour of low-friction coatings in conventional and alternative fuels, Tribology International 48: 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.06.001
Jedliński, Ł.; Caban, J.; Krzywonos, L.; Wierzbicki, S.; Brumerčík, F. 2015. Application of vibration signal in the diagnosis of IC engine valve clearance, Journal of Vibroengineering 17(1): 175–187.
Kajdas, C.; Majzner, M. 2001a. Boundary lubrication of low‐sulphur diesel fuel in the presence of fatty acids, Lubrication Science 14(1): 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.3010140107
Kajdas, C.; Majzner, M. 2001b. The influence of fatty acids and fatty acids mixtures on the lubricity of low-sulfur diesel fuels, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1929. https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1929
Kenesey, E.; Ecker, A. 2003. Sauerstoffverbindungen zur Verbesserung der Lubricity in Kraftstoffen, Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 50(2): 21–26. (in German).
Kiernicki, Z.; Gardyński, L.; Sawa, J.; Hys, L. 2007. The effect of biofuel acid number on some operational and wear properties of DI diesel, in Fuels 2007: 6th International Colloquium on Fuels, 10–11 January 2007, Ostfildern, Esslingen District, Germany, 641–647.
Knothe, G. 2005. Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters, Fuel Processing Technology 86(10): 1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.002
Knothe, G.; Steidley, K. R. 2005. Lubricity of components of biodiesel and petrodiesel. The origin of biodiesel lubricity, Energy & Fuels 19(3): 1192–1200. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef049684c
Kobus, Z.; Mazur, J.; Nadulski, R.; Guz, T.; Rydzak, L.; Zawiślak, K. 2015. Modification of rheological properties of vegetable oils, Przemysł chemiczny 94(10): 1728–1731.
Kostecka, M. 2008. Charakterystyka mieszaniny tłuszczu drobiowego z olejem rzepakowym przed i po przeestryfikowaniu enzymatycznym, ŻYWNOŚĆ: nauka – technologia – jakość 5(60): 257–272.
Kostecka, M.; Kowalski, B. 2011. Charakterystyka mieszaniny tłuszczu gęsiego z olejem rzepakowym (2:3 M/M) przed i po przeestryfikowaniu w obecności preparatu lipozyme, Bromatologia i chemia toksykologiczna 44(2): 194–198. (in Polish).
Lin, C.-Y.; Li, R.-J. 2009. Engine performance and emission characteristics of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced from the discarded parts of marine fish, Fuel Processing Technology 90(7–8): 883–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.009
Macián, V.; Tormos, B.; Ruiz, S.; Miró, G. 2016. Low viscosity engine oils: Study of wear effects and oil key parameters in a heavy duty engine fleet test, Tribology International 94: 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.028
Marczuk, A.; Misztal, W.; Słowik, T.; Piekarski, W.; Bojanowska, M.; Jackowska, I. 2015. Chemical determinants of the use of recycled vehicle components, Przemysł chemiczny 94(10): 1867–1871. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.10.46
Meneghetti, S. M. P.; Meneghetti, M. R.; Wolf, C. R.; Silva, E. C.; Lima, G. E. S.; Coimbra, M. A.; Soletti, J. I.; Carvalho, S. H. V. 2006a. Ethanolysis of castor and cottonseed oil: A systematic study using classical catalysts, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 83(9): 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-5020-3
Meneghetti, S. M. P.; Meneghetti, M. R.; Wolf, C. R.; Silva, E. C.; Lima, G. E. S.; Silva, L. L.; Serra, T. M.; Cauduro, F.; De Oliviera, L. G. 2006b. Biodiesel from castor oil: a comparison of ethanolysis versus methanolysis, Energy & Fuels 20(5): 2262–2265. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060118m
Mickevičius, T.; Slavinskas, S.; Wierzbicki, S.; Duda, K. 2014. The effect of diesel-biodiesel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection off-road diesel engine, Transport 29(4): 440–448. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.984331
Mikulski, M.; Duda, K.; Wierzbicki, S. 2016. Performance and emissions of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with swine lard methyl esters–diesel mixture, Fuel 164: 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.083
Myczko, A.; Golimowska, R. 2011. Porównanie właściwości estrów metylowych w zależności od pochodzenia surowca, Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering 56(2): 111–117. (in Polish).
Nazimek, D.; Słowik, T.; Zając, G.; Krzaczek, P.; Kuranc, A.; Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, J.; Piekarski, W.; Marczuk, A. 2015. Studies on physicochemical properties of catalyst precursors for the preparation DME from ethanol, Przemysł chemiczny 94(10): 1772–1777. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.10.24
Öner, C.; Altun, Ş. 2009. Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine, Applied Energy 86(10): 2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.005
Panneer Selvam, J. D.; Vadivel, K. 2012. Performance and emission analysis of DI diesel engine fuelled with methyl esters of beef tallow and diesel blends, Procedia Engineering 38: 342–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.043
Pomianowski, J. F.; Dajnowiec, F. 2009. Właściwości fizykochemiczne tłuszczu gęsiego, Inżynieria i aparatura chemiczna 48(1): 58–59. (in Polish).
Sakthivel, G.; Nagarajan, G.; Ilangkumaran, M.; Gaikwad, A. B. 2014. Comparative analysis of performance, emission and combustion parameters of diesel engine fuelled with ethyl ester of fish oil and its diesel blends, Fuel 132: 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.059
Scholz, V.; Da Silva, J. N. 2008. Prospects and risks of the use of castor oil as a fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy 32(2): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.08.004
Sugami, Y.; Minami, E.; Saka, S. 2016. Renewable diesel production from rapeseed oil with hydrothermal hydrogenation and subsequent decarboxylation, Fuel 166: 376–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.117
Sun, S.; Zhang, L.; Meng, X.; Ma, C.; Xin, Z. 2014. Biodiesel production by transesterification of corn oil with dimethyl carbonate under heterogeneous base catalysis conditions using potassium hydroxide, Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 50(2): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-014-0495-3
Szczepańska-Piszcz, M. 2010. Gąska modna, Tygodnik “Przegląd”, 12 grudnia 2010. Available from Internet: https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/gaska-modna (in Polish).
Szlachta, Z. 2002. Zasilanie silników wysokoprężnych paliwami rzepakowymi. Wydawnictwa komunikacji i łączności. 218 s. (in Polish).
Śliwki robaczywki. 2013. Olej ryżowy – wprowadzenie. Available from Internet: http://www.sliwkirobaczywki.com/2013/04/olej-ryzowy-wprowadzenie.html (in Polish).
Wikipedia. 2016. Rice Bran Oil. Available from Internet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_bran_oil
Wroniak, M.; Kwiatkowska, M.; Krygier, K. 2006. Charakterystyka wybranych olejów tłoczonych na zimno, ŻYWNOŚĆ: nauka – technologia – jakość 13(2): 46–58. (in Polish).
Zdziennicka, A.; Szymczyk, K.; Jańczuk, B.; Longwic, R.; Sander, P. 2015. Adhesion of canola and diesel oils to some parts of diesel engine in the light of surface tension components and parameters of these substrates, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 60: 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.03.001
Armas, O.; Gómez, A.; Ramos, Á. 2013. Comparative study of pollutant emissions from engine starting with animal fat biodiesel and GTL fuels, Fuel 113: 560–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.010
Baczewski, K.; Kałdoński, T. 2008. Paliwa do silników o zapłonie samoczynnym. Wydawnictwa komunikacji i łączności. 224 s. (in Polish).
Barrios, C. C.; Domínguez-Sáez, A.; Martín, C.; Álvarez, P. 2014. Effects of animal fat based biodiesel on a TDI diesel engine performance, combustion characteristics and particle number and size distribution emissions, Fuel 117: 618–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.037
Barta, D.; Mruzek, M. 2014. Non-conventional drive and its possibilities of using in road vehicles of public transport, in OPT-i 2014 – 1st International Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences Optimization: Proceedings, 4–6 June 2014, Kos Island, Greece, 2049–2061.
Behçet, R. 2011. Performance and emission study of waste anchovy fish biodiesel in a diesel engine, Fuel Processing Technology 92(6): 1187–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.012
Canoira, L.; García Galeán, J.; Alcántara, R.; Lapuerta, M.; García-Contreras, R. 2010. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from castor oil: production process assessment and synergistic effects in its properties, Renewable Energy 35(1): 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.006
Cui, Z.; Yang, C.; Sun, B.; Wang, H. 2014. Liquid film thickness esti mation using electrical capacitance tomography, Measurement Science Review 14(1): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.2478/msr-2014-0002
Cvengroš, J.; Paligová, J.; Cvengrošová, Z. 2006. Properties of alkyl esters base on castor oil, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108(8): 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600031
Datta, A.; Mandal, B. K. 2016. A comprehensive review of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engine, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57: 799–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.170
Droździel, P.; Krzywonos, L. 2009. The estimation of the reliability of the first daily diesel engine start-up during its operation in the vehicle, Eksploatacja i Niezawodność – Maintenance and Reliability (1): 4–10.
Figlus, T. 2015. The application of a continuous wavelet transform for diagnosing damage to the timing chain tensioner in a motorcycle engine, Journal of Vibroengineering 17(3): 1286–1294.
Figlus, T.; Liščák, S. 2014. Assessment of the vibroactivity level of SI engines in stationary and non-stationary operating conditions, Journal of Vibroengineering 16(3): 1349–1359.
Gardyński, L. 2005. Stanowisko do badania odporności materiału elementów aparatury paliwowej na zużycie w warunkach smarowania, VII Sympozjum Naukowo-techniczne “Silniki spalinowe w zastosowaniach wojskowych” – SILWOJ 2005, 26–28 października 2005, Rynia, Polska, 93–100. (in Polish).
Gardyński, L. 2013. Wyniki badań własności smarnych wybranych biopaliw, Combustion Engines (3): 1109–1114. (in Polish).
Gardyński, L.; Kałdonek, J. 2013. Comparative study of selected lubricating properties of biofuels, Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 7(20): 75–79.
Geller, D. P.; Goodrum, J. W. 2004. Effects of specific fatty acid methyl esters on diesel fuel lubricity, Fuel 83(17–18): 2351–2356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.004
Gil, L.; Ignaciuk, P. 2011. Wpływ liczby kwasowej na smarność biopaliw, Postępy nauki i techniki (11): 37–42. (in Polish).
Głowacz, A. 2010. Diagnostyka maszyny prądu stałego oparta na rozpoznawaniu dźwięku z zastosowaniem LPC i GSDM, Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 86(6): 243–246. (in Polish).
Głowacz, A. 2015. Recognition of acoustic signals of synchronous motors with the use of MoFS and selected classifiers, Measurement Science Review 15(4): 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1515/msr-2015-0024
Gustavsson, F.; Forsberg, P.; Jacobson, S. 2012. Friction and wear behaviour of low-friction coatings in conventional and alternative fuels, Tribology International 48: 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.06.001
Jedliński, Ł.; Caban, J.; Krzywonos, L.; Wierzbicki, S.; Brumerčík, F. 2015. Application of vibration signal in the diagnosis of IC engine valve clearance, Journal of Vibroengineering 17(1): 175–187.
Kajdas, C.; Majzner, M. 2001a. Boundary lubrication of low‐sulphur diesel fuel in the presence of fatty acids, Lubrication Science 14(1): 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.3010140107
Kajdas, C.; Majzner, M. 2001b. The influence of fatty acids and fatty acids mixtures on the lubricity of low-sulfur diesel fuels, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1929. https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1929
Kenesey, E.; Ecker, A. 2003. Sauerstoffverbindungen zur Verbesserung der Lubricity in Kraftstoffen, Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 50(2): 21–26. (in German).
Kiernicki, Z.; Gardyński, L.; Sawa, J.; Hys, L. 2007. The effect of biofuel acid number on some operational and wear properties of DI diesel, in Fuels 2007: 6th International Colloquium on Fuels, 10–11 January 2007, Ostfildern, Esslingen District, Germany, 641–647.
Knothe, G. 2005. Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters, Fuel Processing Technology 86(10): 1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.002
Knothe, G.; Steidley, K. R. 2005. Lubricity of components of biodiesel and petrodiesel. The origin of biodiesel lubricity, Energy & Fuels 19(3): 1192–1200. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef049684c
Kobus, Z.; Mazur, J.; Nadulski, R.; Guz, T.; Rydzak, L.; Zawiślak, K. 2015. Modification of rheological properties of vegetable oils, Przemysł chemiczny 94(10): 1728–1731.
Kostecka, M. 2008. Charakterystyka mieszaniny tłuszczu drobiowego z olejem rzepakowym przed i po przeestryfikowaniu enzymatycznym, ŻYWNOŚĆ: nauka – technologia – jakość 5(60): 257–272.
Kostecka, M.; Kowalski, B. 2011. Charakterystyka mieszaniny tłuszczu gęsiego z olejem rzepakowym (2:3 M/M) przed i po przeestryfikowaniu w obecności preparatu lipozyme, Bromatologia i chemia toksykologiczna 44(2): 194–198. (in Polish).
Lin, C.-Y.; Li, R.-J. 2009. Engine performance and emission characteristics of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced from the discarded parts of marine fish, Fuel Processing Technology 90(7–8): 883–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.009
Macián, V.; Tormos, B.; Ruiz, S.; Miró, G. 2016. Low viscosity engine oils: Study of wear effects and oil key parameters in a heavy duty engine fleet test, Tribology International 94: 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.028
Marczuk, A.; Misztal, W.; Słowik, T.; Piekarski, W.; Bojanowska, M.; Jackowska, I. 2015. Chemical determinants of the use of recycled vehicle components, Przemysł chemiczny 94(10): 1867–1871. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.10.46
Meneghetti, S. M. P.; Meneghetti, M. R.; Wolf, C. R.; Silva, E. C.; Lima, G. E. S.; Coimbra, M. A.; Soletti, J. I.; Carvalho, S. H. V. 2006a. Ethanolysis of castor and cottonseed oil: A systematic study using classical catalysts, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 83(9): 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-5020-3
Meneghetti, S. M. P.; Meneghetti, M. R.; Wolf, C. R.; Silva, E. C.; Lima, G. E. S.; Silva, L. L.; Serra, T. M.; Cauduro, F.; De Oliviera, L. G. 2006b. Biodiesel from castor oil: a comparison of ethanolysis versus methanolysis, Energy & Fuels 20(5): 2262–2265. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060118m
Mickevičius, T.; Slavinskas, S.; Wierzbicki, S.; Duda, K. 2014. The effect of diesel-biodiesel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection off-road diesel engine, Transport 29(4): 440–448. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.984331
Mikulski, M.; Duda, K.; Wierzbicki, S. 2016. Performance and emissions of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with swine lard methyl esters–diesel mixture, Fuel 164: 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.083
Myczko, A.; Golimowska, R. 2011. Porównanie właściwości estrów metylowych w zależności od pochodzenia surowca, Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering 56(2): 111–117. (in Polish).
Nazimek, D.; Słowik, T.; Zając, G.; Krzaczek, P.; Kuranc, A.; Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, J.; Piekarski, W.; Marczuk, A. 2015. Studies on physicochemical properties of catalyst precursors for the preparation DME from ethanol, Przemysł chemiczny 94(10): 1772–1777. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.10.24
Öner, C.; Altun, Ş. 2009. Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine, Applied Energy 86(10): 2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.01.005
Panneer Selvam, J. D.; Vadivel, K. 2012. Performance and emission analysis of DI diesel engine fuelled with methyl esters of beef tallow and diesel blends, Procedia Engineering 38: 342–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.043
Pomianowski, J. F.; Dajnowiec, F. 2009. Właściwości fizykochemiczne tłuszczu gęsiego, Inżynieria i aparatura chemiczna 48(1): 58–59. (in Polish).
Sakthivel, G.; Nagarajan, G.; Ilangkumaran, M.; Gaikwad, A. B. 2014. Comparative analysis of performance, emission and combustion parameters of diesel engine fuelled with ethyl ester of fish oil and its diesel blends, Fuel 132: 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.059
Scholz, V.; Da Silva, J. N. 2008. Prospects and risks of the use of castor oil as a fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy 32(2): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.08.004
Sugami, Y.; Minami, E.; Saka, S. 2016. Renewable diesel production from rapeseed oil with hydrothermal hydrogenation and subsequent decarboxylation, Fuel 166: 376–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.117
Sun, S.; Zhang, L.; Meng, X.; Ma, C.; Xin, Z. 2014. Biodiesel production by transesterification of corn oil with dimethyl carbonate under heterogeneous base catalysis conditions using potassium hydroxide, Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 50(2): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10553-014-0495-3
Szczepańska-Piszcz, M. 2010. Gąska modna, Tygodnik “Przegląd”, 12 grudnia 2010. Available from Internet: https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/gaska-modna (in Polish).
Szlachta, Z. 2002. Zasilanie silników wysokoprężnych paliwami rzepakowymi. Wydawnictwa komunikacji i łączności. 218 s. (in Polish).
Śliwki robaczywki. 2013. Olej ryżowy – wprowadzenie. Available from Internet: http://www.sliwkirobaczywki.com/2013/04/olej-ryzowy-wprowadzenie.html (in Polish).
Wikipedia. 2016. Rice Bran Oil. Available from Internet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_bran_oil
Wroniak, M.; Kwiatkowska, M.; Krygier, K. 2006. Charakterystyka wybranych olejów tłoczonych na zimno, ŻYWNOŚĆ: nauka – technologia – jakość 13(2): 46–58. (in Polish).
Zdziennicka, A.; Szymczyk, K.; Jańczuk, B.; Longwic, R.; Sander, P. 2015. Adhesion of canola and diesel oils to some parts of diesel engine in the light of surface tension components and parameters of these substrates, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 60: 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.03.001