Fortifications of the Rapallo border and their role as co-creators of space
Abstract
In the period between the two world wars, the latent tensions between the European nations resulted in the construction of defensive positions on the borderlines of major European countries. Under the same conditions, the Italian Kingdom built an extensive fortification line, i.e. the Alpine Wall. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (SHS) replied to it with the Rupnik Line. On the base of the Treaty of Rapallo, a 289-km long demarcation line was built with an exceptional defence infrastructure, which interfered with vast natural areas of exceptional quality that are protected by various nature conservation regimes today. The research presented in this paper is focused on a specific land expropriation. The goal is to understand the historical perspectives and assess the current significance of this fortification system with its impact on the natural environment. The system of spatial assessment of the architectural, urban, regional and spatial planning aspects and landscape interpretation has been developed with the use of spatial planning mapping and other methods. It was tested on the case study of the Žiri Municipality to establish a possible systemic base on which the entirety of the Rapallo border with its defence infrastructures could be mapped and their contemporary role assessed.
Article in Lithuanian.
Rapallo sienos įtvirtinimai ir jų vaidmuo kuriant erdvę
Santrauka
Tarpukario laikotarpiu užslėpta įtampa tarp Europos tautų lėmė gynybinių įtvirtinimų statybas tarp didžiųjų Europos šalių teritorijų. Tokiomis aplinkybėmis Italijos karalystė statė ilgą įtvirtinimų liniją, pavadintą Alpių siena. Jugoslavijos karalystė į tai atsakė Rupniko linijos statyba. Ji atsirado remiantis Rappallo sutartimi. Tai 289 km ilgio demarkacinė linija, nužymėta išskirtine gynybine struktūra, įsiterpusia į didžiulius natūralius ypatingos vertės plotus, šiuo metu saugomus įvairiais gamtos apsaugos reglamentais. Straipsnyje pateikiamas specifinio gamtos nusavinimo tyrimas. Pristačius istorinę raidą, siekiama nustatyti gynybinių įtvirtinimų dabartinę vertę ir jų poveikį gamtinei aplinkai. Aplinkos vertinimas architektūriniu, urbanistiniu, regioniniu ir erdvės planavimo aspektais ir kraštovaizdžio interpretavimas yra atliekamas taikant erdvės planavimo analizės žemėlapiuose ir kitus metodus. Tyrimas patikrintas Žiri savivaldybės atveju, sukūrus siūlomą sisteminę bazę, kurioje galima nužymėti Rappalo sieną su jos įtvirtinimais ir įvertinti jos šiuolaikinį vaidmenį.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: Rappalo siena, Rappalo sutartis, Alpių siena, Rupniko linija, gynybiniai įtvirtinimai ir kraštovaizdis, paveldo interpretavimas, kartografijos metodas, Žiri savivaldybė, kultūros paveldo potencialas.
Keyword : Rapallo border, Treaty of Rapallo, Alpine Wall, Rupnik Line, fortification infrastructure and landscape, heritage interpretation, cartography as a method, Žiri municipality, heritage development potentials
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Council of Europe. (2015). Cultural Routes management: from theory to practice. Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing.
Dietrich, H. (1994). Die Südbahn und ihre Vorläufer. Wien: Birkhäuser.
European Commission. (2014). Mainstreaming the environment in cohesion policy in 2014–2020. Report of the European Network of Environmental Authorities – Managing Authorities (ENEA-MA) working group.
Gombac, B. (2007). Atlante storico dell’Adriatico orientale. Bandecchi&Vivaldi Editore, Pontedera.
Graham, B., Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (2000). A geography of heritage: power, culture and economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hriberšek, M. (2013). Po Pinijevem nebu in zemlji: Komentar h knjigam 1–6 Plinijevega Naravoslovja (pp. 305–307). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
Jankovič Potočnik, A., & Tonič, V. (2012). Fortifying Europe’s Soft Underbelly: The Rupnik Line, the Vallo Alpino and other fortifications of the Ljubljana (3rd ed.). Merriam Press Military Monograph Series.
Kauffmann, J. E., & Jurga, R. M. (2014). The Forts and fortifications of Europe 1815–1945: The Central States: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military.
Kravanja, B. (2014). Selling and sharing culture: on relations between cultural heritage, nature conservation and tourism development institutions in the Upper Soča Valley, Slovenia. Narodna umjetnost, 51, 89–112. https://doi.org/10.15176/vol51no105
Lah, L. (2010). Interpretation of the architectural heritage of the Rapallo border. In R. Klemenčič, L. Lah, S. Lončarić, Z. Marković, M. Naglič, T. Pavšič, A. Jankovič Potočnik, M. Štepec, & D. A. V. Thorpe (Eds.), O rapalski meji: zbornik mednarodnega simpozija ob 90. obletnici podpisa rapalske pogodbe (pp. 82–93). Logatec: Ad Primum.
Lefebvre, H. (1974). La production de l’espace. L’Homme et la société, 31–32, 15–31. https://doi.org/10.3406/homso.1974.1855
Lowenthal, D. (1993). Landscape as Heritage. In J. Fladmark (Ed.), Heritage: conservation, interpretation and enterprise (pp. 3-16). London: Donhead.
Mao, F., Liu, Z., Zhou, W., Huang, J., & Li, Q. (2008). The research and application of spatial information technology in cultural heritage conservation – case study on grand canal of China. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXVII, B, 999-1006. Retrieved from http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/5_pdf/173.pdf
Munafò, M. (2016). Presentazine. In M. Munafò (Ed.), Consumo di suolo, dinamiche territoriali e servizi ecosistemici. Roma: ISPRA – Instituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (pp. III-IV). Retrieved from http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/rapporti/Rapporto_consumo_suolo_20162.pdf
Naglič, M. (2005). Dediščina rapalske meje; Rupnikova linija in Alpski zid, Življenje ob Rapalski meji v letih 1918–43(47). Žiri: Muzejsko društvo Žiri.
Ogleby, C., & Rivett, L. J. (1995). Handbook of heritage photogrammetry. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Piekalkiewicz, J. (1996). Prva svetovna vojna. Ljubljana: DZS.
Remondino, F. (2011). Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning. Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), 38 122 Trento, Italy.
Riecken, U., Ullrich, K., & Lang, A. (2007). A vision for the Green Belt in Europe. In A. Terry, K. Ullrich, & U. Riecken (Eds.), The Green belt of Europe. From vision to reality. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Riveiro, B., Arias, P., Armesto, J., & Ordóñez, C. (2011). A methodology for the inventory of historical infrastructures: documentation, current state, and influencing factors. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 5(6), 629–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583051003792880
Springer, M. (1996). Die Schlacht am Frigidus als quellenkundliches und literaturgeschichtliches Problem. In R. Bratož (Ed.), Westillyricum und Nordostitalien in der Spatromischen Zeit – Zahodni Ilirik in severovzhodna Italija v poznorimski dobi (pp. 45–94). Ljubljana, Narodni muzej.
Styliadis, A. D., Akbaylar, I. I., Papadopoulou, D. A., Hasanagas, N. D., Roussa, S. A., & Sexidis, L. A. (2009). Metadata-based heritage sites modeling with e-learning functionality. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 10(2), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.08.014
Tsirliganis, N., Pavlidis, G., Koutsoudis, A., Papadopoulou, D., Tsompanopoulos, A., Stavroglou, K., Loukou, Z., & Chamzas, C. (2004). Archiving cultural objects in the 21st Century. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 5(4), 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2004.04.001