Mechanical performance of recycled aggregate self-consolidating concrete column
Abstract
The utilization of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) can reduce the environmental impact and decreases the cost of concrete. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) using RCA as partial or total replacement of coarse aggregate was conducted. Recycled concrete aggregate self-consolidating concrete (RCA-SCC) mixtures with varied water-to-cement (W/C) ratios (0.28–0.46), sand-to-aggregate (S/A) ratios (48–52%), fly ash (FA) contents (20–40%), RCA replacement ratios (0–100%), and water reducer contents (0–1.5%) were designed and tested. 5 groups of the RCA-SCC columns with different W/C and replacement ratios of RCA were also investigated. The slump flow, the J-ring flow and the cubic compressive strength, and the compressive behaviors of the RCA-SCC columns were studied. Results indicated that W/C ratio was the dominant parameter in RCA-SCC mixture, and the failure modes of the RCA-SCC columns were similar to those of the conventional concrete columns. Based on the experimental results, the mechanical performance of RCA-SCC columns was evaluated quantitatively, and a stress–strain relation model for predicting the axial compressive behavior of RCA-SCC column was proposed. This study will provide a reference for the engineering application of the environment-friendly SCC using RCA that are derived from tested or returned concretes with better performance.
Keyword : recycled aggregate, self-consolidating concrete, compressive strength, peak stress, stress–strain relationship
How to Cite
Yu, F., Feng, C., Wang, S., Huang, W., Fang, Y., & Bu, S. (2021). Mechanical performance of recycled aggregate self-consolidating concrete column. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 27(3), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.14117
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Assaad, J. J., & Matar, P. (2018). Regression models to predict SCC pressure exerted on formworks containing vertical and transverse reinforcing bars. Materials and Structures, 51, 62. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1188-x
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Chen, T. Y. (2016). The influence of reinforced recycled coarse aggregates on the mechanical performance and durability of recycled concrete [Master Dissertation]. Harbin Institute of Technology.
China Academy of Building Research. (2012). Technical specification for application of self-compacting concrete (No. JGJ/T 283-2012).
China Academy of Building Research. (2010). Recycled coarse aggregate for concrete (No. GB/T 25177-2010).
China Academy of Building Research. (2016). Standard for testing method of performance on ordinary fresh concrete (No. GB/T 50080-2016).
Daczko, J. (2012). Self-consolidating concrete: Applying what we know. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11721
EFNARC. (2005). The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete, specification, production and use.
Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. (2013). Testing hardened concrete – Part 13: Determination of secant modulus of elasticity in compression (No. UNI EN 12390-13).
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E., & Mari, A. (2006). Microstructure analysis of hardened recycled aggregate concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 58(10), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.10.683
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Ferreira, L. A., Brito, J. D., & Barra, M. (2011). Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties. Magazine of Concrete Research, 63(8), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2011.63.8.617
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González-Fonteboa, B., & Martínez-Abella, F. (2008). Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume. Materials and mechanical properties. Building and Environment, 43(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.008
Guo, Z. H., Zhang, X. Q., Zhang, D. C., & Wang, R. Q. (1982). Experimental investigation of the complete stress-strain curve of concrete. Journal of Building Structures, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.1982.01.001
Hu, Q., Song, C., & Zou, C. Y. (2009). Experimental research on the mechanical properties of recycled concrete. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 41(4), 33–36.
Huang, J. (2012). The experiment of basic properties of recycled concrete from different sources [Master Dissertation]. Guangxi University.
Huang, Y. J., Sun, Y. D., Sun, H. S., & Wang, Q. (2015). Theoretical analysis on mechanical behavior of axially loaded recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tubes. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Article ID 270469. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/270469
Khodair, Y., & Bommareddy, B. (2017). Self-consolidating concrete using recycled concrete aggregate and high volume of fly ash, and slag. Construction and Building Materials, 153, 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.063
Kou, S. C., & Poon, C. S. (2009). Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse and fine recycled aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(9), 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.06.005
Kou, S. C., Poon, C. S., & Chan, D. (2007). Influence of fly ash as cement replacement on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(9), 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(709)
Li, W. G., Long, C., Tam, V. W. Y., Poon, C. S., & Duan, W. H. (2017). Effects of nano-particles on failure process and microstructural properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 142, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.051
Lin, J. (2007). Experiment research on compressive strength of recycled concrete and performance of recycled reinforced concrete beam [Master Dissertation]. Guangxi University.
Lotfi, S., Eggimann, M., Wagner, E., Mróz, R., & Deja, J. (2015). Performance of recycled aggregate concrete based on a new concrete recycling technology. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.021
Ma, J., Wang, Z. B., & Wang, J. (2010). An experimental study on compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Huaiyin Institute of Technology, 19(3), 54–58.
Matar, P., & Assaad, J. J. (2019). Concurrent effects of recycled aggregates and polypropylene fibers on workability and key strength properties of self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 199, 492–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.091
Matos, P. R. D., Foiato, M., & Prudencio, L. R. (2019). Ecological, fresh state and long-term mechanical properties of highvolume fly ash high-performance self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 203, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.074
Mi, R. J, Pan, G. H., Liew, K. M., & Kuang, T. (2020). Utilizing recycled aggregate concrete in sustainable construction for a required compressive strength ratio. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 124249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124249
Noguchi, T., Park, W. J., & Kitagaki, R. (2015). Risk evaluation for recycled aggregate according to deleterious impurity content considering deconstruction scenarios and production methods. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.08.002
Okamura, H., & Ouchi, M. (2003). Self-compacting concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.5
Olorunsogo, F. T., & Padayachee, N. (2002). Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00653-6
Omrane, M., Kenai, S., Kadri, E. H., & Aït-Mokhtar, A. (2017). Performance and durability of self compacting concrete using recycled concrete aggregates and natural pozzolan, Journal of Clean Production, 165, 415–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.139
Ozawa, K. (1989). High-performance concrete based on the durability design of concrete structures [Conference presentation]. Proceedings of the 2nd East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction.
Rahal, K. N. (2007). Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate. Building and Environment, 42(1), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.033
Safiuddin, Alengaram, U. J., Salam, A., Jumaat, M. Z., Jaafar, F. F., & Saad, H. B. (2011). Properties of high-workability concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. Materials Research, 14(2), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000039
Señas, L., Priano, C., & Marfil, S. (2016). Influence of recycled aggregates on properties of self-consolidating concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.079
Shi, Y. H., Wu, Z. J., Peng, P., & Wang, D. F. (2012). Experimental study on comprehensive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Industrial Construction, 42(4), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.13204/j.gyjz2012.04.003
Silva, R. V., de Brito, J., & Dhir, R. K. (2018). Fresh-state performance of recycled aggregate concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 178, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.149
Tam, V. W. Y., Gao, X. F., & Tam, C. M. (2005). Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from twostage mixing approach. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1195–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.025
Tam, V. W. Y., & Tam, C. M. (2007). Assessment of durability of recycled aggregate concrete produced by two-stage mixing approach. Journal of Materials Science, 42(10), 3592–3602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0379-y
Thomas, J., Thaickavil, N. N., & Wilson, P. M. (2018). Strength and durability of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates. Journal of Building Engineering, 19, 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.007
Wang, Z. S. (2013). Study on mechanical properties and calculation of recycled aggregate concrete. Sichuan Building Science, 39(5), 238–242.
Wu, B., Liu, L., & Zhao, X. L. (2016a). Test study on uniaxial compressive behaviors of compound concrete made of normalstrength demolished concrete lumps and high-strength selfcompacting concrete. Journal of Building Structures, 37(S2), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.027
Wu, H., Duan, H., Zheng, L., Wang, J., Niu, Y., & Zhang, G. (2016b). Demolition waste generation and recycling potentials in a rapidly developing flagship megacity of South China: Prospective scenarios and implications. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.130
Wu, S. H., Li, X. W., Xiao, H., & Chai, Y. Y. (2009). Experimental research on deformation properties and stress-strain curve of C30 recycled concrete. Concrete, 12, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3550.2009.12.007
Xia, Q., Liu, B. K., & Cao, Y. (2009). Experimental research on deformation behavior under uniaxial compression of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Anhui Institute of Architecture & Industry (Natural Science), 17(1), 11–14.
Xiao, J. Z., Li, W. G., Fan, Y. H., & Huang, X. (2012). An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996– 2011). Construction and Building Materials, 31, 364–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.074
Xiao, X. (2008). Research on the basic strength features of recycled concrete. Shangdong University of Science and Technology.
Xing, F., Feng, N. Q., & Ding, J. T. (1999). Recycled aggregate concrete. China Concrete and Cement Products, 2, 10–13. https://doi.org/10.19761/j.1000-4637.1999.02.003
Xing, Z. X., & Zhou, Y. N. (1998). Study on the main performance of regenerated concrete. Journal of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, 19(2), 30–32. https://doi.org/10.19760/j.ncwu.zk.1998.02.008
Xu, J. J., Chen, Z. P., Yu, X. G., Chen, Y. L., & Ye, P. H. (2012). Experimental study of elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratios of long age recycled aggregate concrete. Concrete, 28(1), 15–17.
Yao, D. L., Chi, J. L., Yu, F., & Zhang, Y. H. (2020). Influence of fly ash and recycled aggregate on self-compacting recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Shenyang University of Technology, 42(2), 236–240.
Zhang, G. Q., Ning, J. X., Ni, S. N., Zheng, T., Zhong, L., Yi, Y. L., & Chu, D. S. (2008). Experimental study of self-compacting concrete made with recycled aggregate. Concrete, 8, 59–75.
Zhang, L. L. (2009). Experimental investigation on material properties of recycled aggregate concrete [Master Dissertation]. Hefei University of Technology.
Zhang, X. G., Chen, Z. P., & Xue, J. Y. (2015). Physical and mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 34(6), 1684–1689. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2015.06.047
Aslani, F., Ma, G., Yim Wan, D. L., & Muselin, G. (2018). Development of high-performance self-compacting concrete using waste recycled concrete aggregates and rubber granules. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182, 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.074
Assaad, J. J., & Matar, P. (2018). Regression models to predict SCC pressure exerted on formworks containing vertical and transverse reinforcing bars. Materials and Structures, 51, 62. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1188-x
Assaad, J. J., Matar, P., & Gergess, A. (2020). Effect of quality of recycled aggregates on bond strength between concrete and embedded steel reinforcement. Journal of Sustainable CementBased Materials, 9(2), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2019.1692315
Chen, T. Y. (2016). The influence of reinforced recycled coarse aggregates on the mechanical performance and durability of recycled concrete [Master Dissertation]. Harbin Institute of Technology.
China Academy of Building Research. (2012). Technical specification for application of self-compacting concrete (No. JGJ/T 283-2012).
China Academy of Building Research. (2010). Recycled coarse aggregate for concrete (No. GB/T 25177-2010).
China Academy of Building Research. (2016). Standard for testing method of performance on ordinary fresh concrete (No. GB/T 50080-2016).
Daczko, J. (2012). Self-consolidating concrete: Applying what we know. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11721
EFNARC. (2005). The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete, specification, production and use.
Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. (2013). Testing hardened concrete – Part 13: Determination of secant modulus of elasticity in compression (No. UNI EN 12390-13).
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E., & Mari, A. (2006). Microstructure analysis of hardened recycled aggregate concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 58(10), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.10.683
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E., Marí, A., & Barra, M. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(5), 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002
Ferraris, C. F., Brower, L., Ozyildirim, C., & Daczko, J. (2000). Workability of self-compacting concrete. In Proceedings of the PCI/FHWA/FIB International Symposium on High Performance Concrete (pp. 398–407). Orlando, Florida. Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, USA.
Ferreira, L. A., Brito, J. D., & Barra, M. (2011). Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties. Magazine of Concrete Research, 63(8), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2011.63.8.617
Gómez-Soberón, J. M. (2002). Porosity of recycled concrete with substitution of recycled concrete aggregate: An experimental study. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(8), 1301–1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00795-0
González-Fonteboa, B., & Martínez-Abella, F. (2008). Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume. Materials and mechanical properties. Building and Environment, 43(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.008
Guo, Z. H., Zhang, X. Q., Zhang, D. C., & Wang, R. Q. (1982). Experimental investigation of the complete stress-strain curve of concrete. Journal of Building Structures, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.1982.01.001
Hu, Q., Song, C., & Zou, C. Y. (2009). Experimental research on the mechanical properties of recycled concrete. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 41(4), 33–36.
Huang, J. (2012). The experiment of basic properties of recycled concrete from different sources [Master Dissertation]. Guangxi University.
Huang, Y. J., Sun, Y. D., Sun, H. S., & Wang, Q. (2015). Theoretical analysis on mechanical behavior of axially loaded recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tubes. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Article ID 270469. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/270469
Khodair, Y., & Bommareddy, B. (2017). Self-consolidating concrete using recycled concrete aggregate and high volume of fly ash, and slag. Construction and Building Materials, 153, 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.063
Kou, S. C., & Poon, C. S. (2009). Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse and fine recycled aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(9), 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.06.005
Kou, S. C., Poon, C. S., & Chan, D. (2007). Influence of fly ash as cement replacement on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(9), 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(709)
Li, W. G., Long, C., Tam, V. W. Y., Poon, C. S., & Duan, W. H. (2017). Effects of nano-particles on failure process and microstructural properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 142, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.051
Lin, J. (2007). Experiment research on compressive strength of recycled concrete and performance of recycled reinforced concrete beam [Master Dissertation]. Guangxi University.
Lotfi, S., Eggimann, M., Wagner, E., Mróz, R., & Deja, J. (2015). Performance of recycled aggregate concrete based on a new concrete recycling technology. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.021
Ma, J., Wang, Z. B., & Wang, J. (2010). An experimental study on compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Huaiyin Institute of Technology, 19(3), 54–58.
Matar, P., & Assaad, J. J. (2019). Concurrent effects of recycled aggregates and polypropylene fibers on workability and key strength properties of self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 199, 492–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.091
Matos, P. R. D., Foiato, M., & Prudencio, L. R. (2019). Ecological, fresh state and long-term mechanical properties of highvolume fly ash high-performance self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 203, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.074
Mi, R. J, Pan, G. H., Liew, K. M., & Kuang, T. (2020). Utilizing recycled aggregate concrete in sustainable construction for a required compressive strength ratio. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 124249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124249
Noguchi, T., Park, W. J., & Kitagaki, R. (2015). Risk evaluation for recycled aggregate according to deleterious impurity content considering deconstruction scenarios and production methods. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.08.002
Okamura, H., & Ouchi, M. (2003). Self-compacting concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.5
Olorunsogo, F. T., & Padayachee, N. (2002). Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00653-6
Omrane, M., Kenai, S., Kadri, E. H., & Aït-Mokhtar, A. (2017). Performance and durability of self compacting concrete using recycled concrete aggregates and natural pozzolan, Journal of Clean Production, 165, 415–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.139
Ozawa, K. (1989). High-performance concrete based on the durability design of concrete structures [Conference presentation]. Proceedings of the 2nd East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction.
Rahal, K. N. (2007). Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate. Building and Environment, 42(1), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.033
Safiuddin, Alengaram, U. J., Salam, A., Jumaat, M. Z., Jaafar, F. F., & Saad, H. B. (2011). Properties of high-workability concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. Materials Research, 14(2), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000039
Señas, L., Priano, C., & Marfil, S. (2016). Influence of recycled aggregates on properties of self-consolidating concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.079
Shi, Y. H., Wu, Z. J., Peng, P., & Wang, D. F. (2012). Experimental study on comprehensive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. Industrial Construction, 42(4), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.13204/j.gyjz2012.04.003
Silva, R. V., de Brito, J., & Dhir, R. K. (2018). Fresh-state performance of recycled aggregate concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 178, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.149
Tam, V. W. Y., Gao, X. F., & Tam, C. M. (2005). Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from twostage mixing approach. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1195–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.025
Tam, V. W. Y., & Tam, C. M. (2007). Assessment of durability of recycled aggregate concrete produced by two-stage mixing approach. Journal of Materials Science, 42(10), 3592–3602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0379-y
Thomas, J., Thaickavil, N. N., & Wilson, P. M. (2018). Strength and durability of concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates. Journal of Building Engineering, 19, 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.007
Wang, Z. S. (2013). Study on mechanical properties and calculation of recycled aggregate concrete. Sichuan Building Science, 39(5), 238–242.
Wu, B., Liu, L., & Zhao, X. L. (2016a). Test study on uniaxial compressive behaviors of compound concrete made of normalstrength demolished concrete lumps and high-strength selfcompacting concrete. Journal of Building Structures, 37(S2), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.027
Wu, H., Duan, H., Zheng, L., Wang, J., Niu, Y., & Zhang, G. (2016b). Demolition waste generation and recycling potentials in a rapidly developing flagship megacity of South China: Prospective scenarios and implications. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.130
Wu, S. H., Li, X. W., Xiao, H., & Chai, Y. Y. (2009). Experimental research on deformation properties and stress-strain curve of C30 recycled concrete. Concrete, 12, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3550.2009.12.007
Xia, Q., Liu, B. K., & Cao, Y. (2009). Experimental research on deformation behavior under uniaxial compression of recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Anhui Institute of Architecture & Industry (Natural Science), 17(1), 11–14.
Xiao, J. Z., Li, W. G., Fan, Y. H., & Huang, X. (2012). An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996– 2011). Construction and Building Materials, 31, 364–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.074
Xiao, X. (2008). Research on the basic strength features of recycled concrete. Shangdong University of Science and Technology.
Xing, F., Feng, N. Q., & Ding, J. T. (1999). Recycled aggregate concrete. China Concrete and Cement Products, 2, 10–13. https://doi.org/10.19761/j.1000-4637.1999.02.003
Xing, Z. X., & Zhou, Y. N. (1998). Study on the main performance of regenerated concrete. Journal of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, 19(2), 30–32. https://doi.org/10.19760/j.ncwu.zk.1998.02.008
Xu, J. J., Chen, Z. P., Yu, X. G., Chen, Y. L., & Ye, P. H. (2012). Experimental study of elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratios of long age recycled aggregate concrete. Concrete, 28(1), 15–17.
Yao, D. L., Chi, J. L., Yu, F., & Zhang, Y. H. (2020). Influence of fly ash and recycled aggregate on self-compacting recycled aggregate concrete. Journal of Shenyang University of Technology, 42(2), 236–240.
Zhang, G. Q., Ning, J. X., Ni, S. N., Zheng, T., Zhong, L., Yi, Y. L., & Chu, D. S. (2008). Experimental study of self-compacting concrete made with recycled aggregate. Concrete, 8, 59–75.
Zhang, L. L. (2009). Experimental investigation on material properties of recycled aggregate concrete [Master Dissertation]. Hefei University of Technology.
Zhang, X. G., Chen, Z. P., & Xue, J. Y. (2015). Physical and mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 34(6), 1684–1689. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2015.06.047