From spiritualistic toward more pragmatic pattern: re-ordering Balinese houses and viability of the household traditions in tourism economy
Abstract
The traditional Balinese house, manifested and translated in an agricultural context, has roles to accommodate domestic and socio-cultural activities. Once the house accommodates tourist activities as an additional function, many parts of the house are transformed. The transformation presents a conflict between economic gain and the preservation of Balinese traditions in the house. In order to illustrate this paradoxical phenomenon, this paper first shows how the traditional house has been reconfigured as a response to address the specific challenges of the tourist economy. Then, using architectural examination and interviews, the paper shows that the infiltration of the tourist activities has blurred the house’s configuration so that the transformed house is no longer able to express its original characteristics, hierarchy values and symbolic meaning.
Keyword : tourism, transformation, the traditional Balinese house, household traditions, identity, pattern
How to Cite
Putra, I. D. G. A. D., Lozanovska, M., & Fuller, R. (2019). From spiritualistic toward more pragmatic pattern: re-ordering Balinese houses and viability of the household traditions in tourism economy. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 43(1), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2019.3692
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Being modern in Bali: image and change (pp. 179-211). New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
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Hobart, M. (1978). The path of soul: the legitimacy of nature in Balinese conceptions of space. In G. Milner (Ed.), Natural symbols in South-East Asia (pp. 5-28). London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
Hoben, A. & Hefner, R. (1991). The integrative revolution revisited. World Development, 19(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(91)90034-F
Hobsbawn, E. (1983). Introduction: inventing traditions. In E. Hobsbawn & F. Ranger (Eds.), The invention of tradition (pp. 1-14). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ivkovska, V. (2016). Reinventing vernacular traditions to reveal national identity: A case study of the “Macedonian Village”. TDSR, XXVII(II), 71-83.
Kusno, A. (2000). Behind the postcolonial: Architecture, urban space and political cultures in Indonesia. London: Routledge.
Kusno, A (2010). The end of the peasantry and the politics of periurbanization in an Indonesia metropolis. Singapore: Asia Reseach Institue Working Paper Series no 139.
Lansing, J. S. (1983). The “Indianization” of Bali. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 14(2), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002246340001105X
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Lozanovska, M. (2011). Holy days after migration. 2nd International Conference on Intangible Culture (pp. 459-469). Green Lines Instituto, Barecelos.
MacRae, G. S. (1997). Economic, ritual and history in Balinese tourist town (PhD thesis). University of Auckland.
MacRae. (2011). Negotiating architecture worlds in Indonesia: the work of Eko Prawoto. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 29(1), 92-119. https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v29i1.4022
Mantra, I. B. (1993). Bali masalah sosial budaya dan modernisasi. Denpasar: Upada Sastra.
McKean, P. F. (1973). Cultural involution: tourists, Balinese, and the process of modernization in an anthropological perspective (PhD dissertation). Brown University.
McLendon, A. E. (2013). Leap and Shout, Ye Living Building, ritual performance and architectural collaboration in Early Shaker Meeting houses. Buildings and Landscapes, 20(2), 48-76. https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.20.2.0048
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Orlando, R. V. (2014). Reediting the architectural past, a comparison of surviving physical and documentary evidence on Marykands Eastern Shore. Buildings and Landscapes, 21(2), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.21.2.0088
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Puja, I. G. N. A. (1986). Arsitektur tradisional daerah Bali. Denpasar: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Putra, I. D. G. A. D., Lozanovska, M., & Fuller, R. (2013). The transformation of the traditional Balinese house for tourist facilities: managing a home-based enterprise and maintaining an architectural identity. Journal of Asia pacific Management and Business Aplication, 2(2), 53-67.
Putra, I. D. G. A. D., Lozanovska, M., & Fuller, R. (2017). A methodology to evaluate the transformation of the traditional Balinese house as a consequence of tourism. International Journal of Architecture Research (Archnet-IJAR), 11(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i1.1134
Quantrill, M. (1974). Ritual and response in architecture. London: Lund Humphries Publishers Limited.
Rapoport, A. (1969). House, form and culture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Inc.
Rapoport, A. (1983). Development, culture change and supportive design. Habitat International, 7(5/6), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(83)90076-0
Redfield, R. (1965). Peasant society and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sanger, A. (1989). Music and musicians, dance and dancers: sociomusical interrelationships in Balinese performance. Yearbook for Traditional Music, 21, 57-69. https://doi.org/10.2307/767768
Shils, E. (1971). Tradition. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13(2), Special Issue on Tradition and Modernity, 122-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500006186
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Ashrama, B., Pitana, I. G., & Windia, W. (2007). Bali is Bali forever, ajeg dalam bingkai tri hita karana. Denpasar: Bali Travel News and Pemerintah Provinsi Bali.
Bugnicourt, J. (1977). Tourism with no return. The Bridge, 2(4), 19-20.
Clifford, J. (1994). The predicament of culture: twentieth-century ethnography, literature, and art. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cohen, E. (1978). The impact of tourism on the physical environment. Annals of Tourism Research, 5(2), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(78)90221-9
Connor, L. H. (1996). Contestation and transformation of Balinese ritual: the case of ngaben ngirit. In A. Vickers (Ed.),
Being modern in Bali: image and change (pp. 179-211). New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
Covarrubias, M. (1974). Island of Bali. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Cuthbert, A. R. (2013). Vernacular transformations context, issues, debates. In G. A. M. Suartika (Ed.), Vernacular Transformations: Architecture, Place, and Tradition (pp. 7-39). Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan.
Dalem, A. A. G. R. (2007). Filosofi tri hita karana dan implementasinya dalam industri pariwisata. In A. A. G. R. Dalem, I. W. Wardi, I. W. Suarna, & I. W. S. Adnyana (Eds.), Kearifan lokal dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (pp. 81-94). Denpasar: UPT Penerbit and Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Udayana.
Danes, P. (2001). Balinese architecture from cosmic to modern. In U. Ramseyer & I. G. R. P. Tisna (Eds.), Bali living in two worlds (pp. 95-104). Museum der Kulturen Basel and Verlag Schwabe & Co.AG, Basel.
de Certeau, M. (1984). The practice of everyday life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Derek & Japha, V. (1991). Identity through detail: an architecture and cultural aspiration in Montagu, South Africa, 1850-1915. TDSR, II (pp. 17-33).
Dogan, H. Z. (1989). Form of adjustment social impact of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2), 216-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90069-8
Eiseman Jr, F. B. (1989). Sekala and niskala: essays on religious, ritual and art, vol. I. Singapore: Periplus Editions.
Eisenstadt, S. N. (1973). Post-traditional societies and the continuity and reconstruction of tradition. Daedalus, 102(1), Post-Traditional Societies (Winter, 1973), 1-27. The MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
Ekhaesa, E. N., Amole, B., & Martins, O. I. (2018). Prefiguring house in a traditional city: a case for Benin house types and characteritics. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 42(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2014.994810
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books Inc.
Geertz, C. (1984). Negara: the theatre state in nineteenth-century Bali. New Jersey: Pricenton University Press.
Gelebet, I. N. (1986). Arsitektur tradisional daerah Bali. Denpasar: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Geriya, I. W. (2007). Konsep and strategi revitalisasi kearifan lokal dalam penatan lingkungan hidup daerah Bali. In A. A. G. R. Dalem, I. W. Wardi, I. W. Suarna, & I. W. S. Adnyana (Eds.), Kearifan lokal dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (pp. 52-60). Denpasar: Penerbit Universitas Udayana.
Grunewald, Rd. A. (2002). Tourism and Cultural Revival. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1004-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00005-1
Gusfield, J. R. (1967). Tradition and modernity: misplaced polarities in the study of social change. American Journal of Sociology, 72(4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1086/224334
Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and diaspora. In J. Rutherford (Ed.), Identity, community, culture difference (pp. 222-237). London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Hanna, W. A. (1972). Bali in the seventies, part I: cultural tourism. American Universities Field Staff Reports. Southeast Asia Series, 20(2), 1-7.
Harvey, K. (2014). Economy and the eighteenth – century house: A cultural history of social practice. Home Cultures, 11(3), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174214X14035295691193
Hitchcock, M., King, V. T., & Parnwell, M. J. G. (1993). Tourism in South-East Asia. London: Routledge.
Hobart, A., Ramseyer, U., & Leemann, A. (1996). The people of Bali. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Hobart, M. (1978). The path of soul: the legitimacy of nature in Balinese conceptions of space. In G. Milner (Ed.), Natural symbols in South-East Asia (pp. 5-28). London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
Hoben, A. & Hefner, R. (1991). The integrative revolution revisited. World Development, 19(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(91)90034-F
Hobsbawn, E. (1983). Introduction: inventing traditions. In E. Hobsbawn & F. Ranger (Eds.), The invention of tradition (pp. 1-14). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ivkovska, V. (2016). Reinventing vernacular traditions to reveal national identity: A case study of the “Macedonian Village”. TDSR, XXVII(II), 71-83.
Kusno, A. (2000). Behind the postcolonial: Architecture, urban space and political cultures in Indonesia. London: Routledge.
Kusno, A (2010). The end of the peasantry and the politics of periurbanization in an Indonesia metropolis. Singapore: Asia Reseach Institue Working Paper Series no 139.
Lansing, J. S. (1983). The “Indianization” of Bali. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 14(2), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002246340001105X
Logan, W. S. (1994). Hanoi townscape: symbolic imagery in Vietnam’s capital. In Askew & W. S. Logan (Eds.), Cultural identity and urban change in Southeast Asia: interpretative essays (pp. 43-69). Geelong: Deakin University Press.
Lozanovska, M. (2002). Architectural frontier/ spatial story: the problematic of representing the everyday. Space and Culture, 5(2), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331202005002006
Lozanovska, M. (2011). Holy days after migration. 2nd International Conference on Intangible Culture (pp. 459-469). Green Lines Instituto, Barecelos.
MacRae, G. S. (1997). Economic, ritual and history in Balinese tourist town (PhD thesis). University of Auckland.
MacRae. (2011). Negotiating architecture worlds in Indonesia: the work of Eko Prawoto. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 29(1), 92-119. https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v29i1.4022
Mantra, I. B. (1993). Bali masalah sosial budaya dan modernisasi. Denpasar: Upada Sastra.
McKean, P. F. (1973). Cultural involution: tourists, Balinese, and the process of modernization in an anthropological perspective (PhD dissertation). Brown University.
McLendon, A. E. (2013). Leap and Shout, Ye Living Building, ritual performance and architectural collaboration in Early Shaker Meeting houses. Buildings and Landscapes, 20(2), 48-76. https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.20.2.0048
Nas, P. J. M. (1997). The image of Denpasar: interaction between tradition and tourism. In Pfeffer, G. & Behera, D. K. (Eds.), Contemporary Social Society Tribal Study, 2, 345-371. Development Issues Transition and Change. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
Nas, P. J. M. (1999). Design and meaning of architecture and space among ethnic groups of Western Indonesia. In Ethnic Identity in Urban Architecture. Generation of Architects in Banda Aceh. Leiden: Leiden University.
Nas, P. J. M. (2012). The urban anthropologist as flâneur: The symbolic pattern of Indonesian cities. Wacana, 14(2), 429-454.
Nordholt, H. S. (1986). Bali: colonial conceptions and political change 1700-1940 from shifting hierarchies to “fixed” order. Rotterdam: Erasmus.
Oliver, P. (1998). Encyclopaedia of vernacular architecture of the world, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Orlando, R. V. (2014). Reediting the architectural past, a comparison of surviving physical and documentary evidence on Marykands Eastern Shore. Buildings and Landscapes, 21(2), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.5749/buildland.21.2.0088
Pellow, D. (2016). Multiple modernities: Kitchens for an African elite. Home Cultures, 12(1), 55-82. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174215X14171915160290
Picard, M. (1996). Bali: cultural tourism and touristic culture. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
Picard, M. (2003). Touristification and Balinization in a time of reformation. Indonesia and the Malay World, 31(89), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810304435
Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place identity: physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 57-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80021-8
Puja, I. G. N. A. (1986). Arsitektur tradisional daerah Bali. Denpasar: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Putra, I. D. G. A. D., Lozanovska, M., & Fuller, R. (2013). The transformation of the traditional Balinese house for tourist facilities: managing a home-based enterprise and maintaining an architectural identity. Journal of Asia pacific Management and Business Aplication, 2(2), 53-67.
Putra, I. D. G. A. D., Lozanovska, M., & Fuller, R. (2017). A methodology to evaluate the transformation of the traditional Balinese house as a consequence of tourism. International Journal of Architecture Research (Archnet-IJAR), 11(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i1.1134
Quantrill, M. (1974). Ritual and response in architecture. London: Lund Humphries Publishers Limited.
Rapoport, A. (1969). House, form and culture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Inc.
Rapoport, A. (1983). Development, culture change and supportive design. Habitat International, 7(5/6), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(83)90076-0
Redfield, R. (1965). Peasant society and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sanger, A. (1989). Music and musicians, dance and dancers: sociomusical interrelationships in Balinese performance. Yearbook for Traditional Music, 21, 57-69. https://doi.org/10.2307/767768
Shils, E. (1971). Tradition. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13(2), Special Issue on Tradition and Modernity, 122-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500006186
Shils, E. (1981). Tradition. London: Faber and Faber Limited.
Sparkes, S. (2003). Introduction: the changing domain of the house in Southeast Asia. In S. Sparkes & S. Howell (Eds.), The house in Southeast Asia: a changing social, economic and political domain (pp. 1-15). London: Routledge Curzon.
Suartika, G. A. M. (2013). Introduction. In G. A. M. Suartika (Ed.), Vernacular Transformations: Architecture, Place, and Tradition (pp. 1-5). Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan.
Suprapti, A., Kistanto, N. H., Pandelaki, N. H., & Indrosaptono, D. (2017). Control of spatial protection in Kauman Semarang. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 41(4), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1402717
Swellengrebel, J. L. (1984). Introduction. In J. L. Swellengrebel (Ed.), Bali: studies in life, thought, and ritual (pp. 1-76). Nethelands: Foris Publication Holland.
Tan, R. Y. D. (1967). The domestic architecture of South Bali’. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 123(4), 442-475. Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002891
UNESCO. (1982). Mexico city declaration on cultural policies. Mexico City: World Conference on Cultural Policies.
Vale, L. J. (1992). Architecture, power, and national identity. New Haven & London: Yale University.
Vickers, A. (1989). Bali: a paradise created. Ringwood Victoria: Penguin Books Australia Ltd.
Wijaya, M. (Michael White). (2003). Architecture of Bali: a sourcebook of traditional and modern forms. London: Thames and Hudson.
Williams, R. (1983). Culture and society: 1780–1950. New York: Columbia University Press.
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