Measuring place attachment, identity, and memory in urban spaces: case of the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract
Public spaces are essential for any city as they define place character; they are the meeting point for social and cultural actions. Place attachment is moulded by the tie between individuals and places. The research examines the historic streets, which are remainders of their period when the pedestrian flow was predominant and had exceptional qualities that supported social action. The changed settings nowadays might have changed people’s views and the investigation was made to question and check individual’s common memory and their sensitive ties to the historic streets. The four streets from the Walled City of Lahore were selected upon their significance of history and usage. The questionnaires were prepared and the fieldwork analysis was conducted face to face and selected streets were investigated in the terms of, place attachment, identity, and memory. The outcome proved that there is a promising feeling of attachment towards the selected streets and lacking qualities of a street can be improved if look closely at the worthy streets. The study addressed an important issue of marginalization and the results from the Shah-Almi street shows that their act will create the walled city streets to lose their identity as it is formed by its users.
Keyword : urban space, streets, historic cities, place attachment, place identity, place memory
How to Cite
Zahid, A., & Misirlisoy, D. (2021). Measuring place attachment, identity, and memory in urban spaces: case of the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.15183
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Lalli, M. (1992). Urban-related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(4), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80078-7
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Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. MIT Press.
Manzo, L. (2003). Relationships to non-residential places: Towards a reconceptualization of attachment to place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 47–61.
Marcus, C. C. (1992). Environmental memories. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place attachment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_5
Matthew Carmona, T. H. (2003). Public spaces, urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. Routledge.
McAndrew, F. T. (1998). The measurement of “rootedness” and the prediction of attachment to home-towns in college students. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(4), 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0078
Merchant, S. (2017). Analyzing the city urban form of Lahore. C.E.P.T University.
Misztal, B. (2003). Theories of social remembering. Open University Press.
Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreational settings: The case of rail-trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409409513214
Mumtaz, K. K. (1985). Architecture in Pakistan: A Mimar book. Concept Media Pte Ltd.
Pallasma, J., & McCarter, R. (2012). Understanding architecture. Phaidon.
Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Limited. (1993). The Walled city of Lahore. Lahore Development Authority.
Perkins, D. D., & Long, D. A. (2002). Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis. In Psychological sense of community: Research (pp. 291–318). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0719-2_15
Proshansky, H., Fabian, A., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80021-8
Raymond, C. M. (2010). Results of the 2010 Northern and York rural landholder survey. Centre for Rural Health and Community Development, University of South Australia.
Raymond, C., Brown, G., & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. Pion.
Sampson, K. A., & Goodrich, C. G. (2009). Making place: Identity construction and community formation through “sense of place” in Westland, New Zealand. Society & Natural Resources, 22(10), 901–915.
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2014). The psychology of place attachment. In Environmental psychology: Principles and practice. Optimal Books.
Taha, D., & Gami, G. (2010). Decoding the DNA of places, towards exploring a deeper layer of urban sustainability. In The 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (pp. 307–324). Queensland University of Technology.
Tuan, Y. (1977). The prespectives of experience. University of Minnesota Press.
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Walled City of Lahore Authorities. (2021). Website includes all the maps of the walled city of Lahore. http://walledcitylahore.gop.pk/maps/
Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49(6), 830–840.
Williams, D. R., & Stewart, S. I. (1998). Sense of place: An elusive concept that is finding a home in ecosystem management. Journal of Forestry, 96(5), 18–23.
Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examing emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure Sciences, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513155
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Zahid, A. (2021). Measuring place attachment, identity, and memory in urban spaces: Case of Walled City Lahore [Unpublished master thesis]. European University of Lefke.
Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2021). Effect of people on place making and affective atmospheres in city streets. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(3), 3389–3403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.04.019
Al Braifkani, E., & Günçe, K. (2021). Hybrid space as a conceptual framework for adaptation. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture & Planning, 1(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2020.v1i1001
Bellelli, G., Curci, A., & Leo, G. (2010). Social and cognitive determinants of collective memory for public events. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611162.034
Bukowiecki, L., Wawrzyniak, J., & Wróblewska, M. (2020). Duality of decolonizing: Artists’ memory activism in Warsaw. Heritage & Society, 13(1–2), 32–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159032X.2021.1898076
Canizaro, V. (2007). Architectural regionalism: Collected writings on place, identity, modernity, and tradition. Princeton Architectural Press.
Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and operational definition. S. D. Clayton & S. Opotow, (Eds.), Identity and the environment: The psychological significance of nature. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3644.001.0001
Kyle, G., & Chick, G. (2007). The social construction of a sense of place. Leisure Sciences, 29(3), 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701257922
Eliot, T. S. (1949). Notes towards the defination of culture. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Elshater, A. M. (2015). Urban design redux: Redefining a professional practice of specialization. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004
Elshater, A. (2012). New urbanism principles versus urban design dimensions towards behavior performance efficiency in Egyptian neighbourhood unit. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 826–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.270
Ettehad, S., Karimi Azeri, A., & Kari, G. (2014). The role of culture in promoting architectural identity. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2014, 3(4), 410–418.
Ezdi, R. (2009). The dynamics of land use in lahore inner city: The case of mochi gate. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 477–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342776
Fazl, A. A. (1978). The Aín i Akbarí. Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Geroter, Y. (2007). Aesthetics in architecture (3rd ed.). Martyr Beheshti University Press.
Halbwachs, M. (1925). Collective memory. The University of Chicago Press.
Haughton, J., & Khandker, S. (2009). Handbook on poverty and inequality. World Bank Publications.
Hay, R. (1998). Sense of place in developmental context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1997.0060
Hidalgo, M. C., & Hernandez, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0221
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. Vintage Books.
Jackson, J. B. (1995). A sense of place, a sense of time. Design Quarterly, 164, 24–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/4091350
Kasarda, J., & Janowitz, M. (1974). Community attachment in mass society. American Sociological Review, 39(3), 328–339. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094293
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31(2), 178–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139169921972056
Kaltenborn, B. P. (1997). Nature of place attachment: A study among recreation homeowners in Southern Norway. Leisure Sciences, 19(3), 175–189.
Kølvraa, C., & Knudsen, B. T. (2020). Decolonizing European colonial heritage in urban spaces – An introduction to the special issue. Heritage & Society, 13(1–2), 1–9.
Lalli, M. (1992). Urban-related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(4), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80078-7
Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
Low, S. M. (1992). Place attachment: A conceptual inquiry. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Human Behavior and Environment (Advances in Theory and Research): Vol. 12. Place attachment (pp. 1–12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_1
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. MIT Press.
Manzo, L. (2003). Relationships to non-residential places: Towards a reconceptualization of attachment to place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 47–61.
Marcus, C. C. (1992). Environmental memories. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place attachment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_5
Matthew Carmona, T. H. (2003). Public spaces, urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. Routledge.
McAndrew, F. T. (1998). The measurement of “rootedness” and the prediction of attachment to home-towns in college students. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(4), 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0078
Merchant, S. (2017). Analyzing the city urban form of Lahore. C.E.P.T University.
Misztal, B. (2003). Theories of social remembering. Open University Press.
Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreational settings: The case of rail-trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409409513214
Mumtaz, K. K. (1985). Architecture in Pakistan: A Mimar book. Concept Media Pte Ltd.
Pallasma, J., & McCarter, R. (2012). Understanding architecture. Phaidon.
Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Limited. (1993). The Walled city of Lahore. Lahore Development Authority.
Perkins, D. D., & Long, D. A. (2002). Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis. In Psychological sense of community: Research (pp. 291–318). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0719-2_15
Proshansky, H., Fabian, A., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80021-8
Raymond, C. M. (2010). Results of the 2010 Northern and York rural landholder survey. Centre for Rural Health and Community Development, University of South Australia.
Raymond, C., Brown, G., & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. Pion.
Sampson, K. A., & Goodrich, C. G. (2009). Making place: Identity construction and community formation through “sense of place” in Westland, New Zealand. Society & Natural Resources, 22(10), 901–915.
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2014). The psychology of place attachment. In Environmental psychology: Principles and practice. Optimal Books.
Taha, D., & Gami, G. (2010). Decoding the DNA of places, towards exploring a deeper layer of urban sustainability. In The 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (pp. 307–324). Queensland University of Technology.
Tuan, Y. (1977). The prespectives of experience. University of Minnesota Press.
Un-Habitat. (2011). Cities and climate change: Global report on human settlements. Earthscan. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849776936
Walled City of Lahore Authorities. (2021). Website includes all the maps of the walled city of Lahore. http://walledcitylahore.gop.pk/maps/
Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49(6), 830–840.
Williams, D. R., & Stewart, S. I. (1998). Sense of place: An elusive concept that is finding a home in ecosystem management. Journal of Forestry, 96(5), 18–23.
Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examing emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure Sciences, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513155
Yasin, A. (2012). The lost romance of the streets of Lahore. In Portrait of Lahore: Lahore Nu Salaam. https://docplayer.net/100023539-Portrait-of-lahore-lahore-nu-salam.html
Zahid, A. (2021). Measuring place attachment, identity, and memory in urban spaces: Case of Walled City Lahore [Unpublished master thesis]. European University of Lefke.